Analysis Of Scared To Death Of Dying, Article By Herbert Hendin :: essays research papers

Analysis of "Scared to Death of Dying", Article by Herbert Hendin The background for this work is that the existing conflict over legalizing assisted suicides and euthanasia could bring our values down and society apart. The problem is not legalizing or opposing to it, the real problem is to find a way to care for the terminally ill. We have the responsibility to help the terminally ill die in a decent way not killing them. If we don't have a policy or rule against this we are permitting doctors, like Jack Kevorkian, to become famous for killing people. The claim for this work is that assisted suicides and euthanasia should be illegal. The Oregon Law would allow people to die quicker and without dignity. We can see that this is true in the story of the 30 year-old man that has leukemia. He had a 25 percent chance of survival if he was medically treated; if not he was given a few months to live. When told this, the man wanted to suicide. At first he was scared but after talking with the doctor he decided to take medical treatment and be closer to his family in his final days. If this had happened under the Oregon Law, he would have asked a doctor to assist him in suicide and the doctor would have assisted him without any problem since he had no mental illness. Doctors can cause or hastened death without the patient's request. This can be seen in the Netherlands were a 30 year-old man who was H.I.V.-positive, but had no symptoms and may not develop them for years, was helped to die. Probably the doctors didn't explain that even if he had a terminal disease he could enjoy the rest of his life with his family and friend that were about to lose him. Doctors aren't trained to do this in medical school and the public doesn't know better. This is because doctors aren' t trained properly in the relief of pain and discomfort in terminally ill patients. And time should be devoted in medical schools to explain to the future doctors that there are going to be some patients that they are not going to be able to save but must address their needs. Also the public hasn't been properly educated about the choices they have at the end of their life. The purpose of this work is to create a national commission that would study the care of the terminally ill giving treatment to the dying patients. Both people who support and oppose euthanasia will be able to participate having

What’s the Difference: a Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education

Journal of Distance Education/ Revue de l'enseignement a distance Spring/Printemps 1999 Vol. 14, No. 1, 102-114 What’s the Difference: A Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education Ronald Phipps and Jamie Merisotis American Federation of Teachers, National Education Association, 1999, 48 pages Available online at http://www. ihep. com/difference. pdf Mark Bullen With the increasing popularity of web-based instruction, it seems there has been an explosion of published research, evaluation, and other literature related to distance education.For some time now I have found it increasingly difficult to stay on top of this growing body of literature. So when this report first came across my desk (or screen), I felt a sense of relief that finally somebody had taken the time to synthesize and evaluate some of this growing body of distance education research. The stated purpose of this 48-page report is to examine the research on the ef fectiveness of distance education in order to inform public policy. The specific questions the report sought to answer were: 1. What are the findings of the research on the effectiveness of distance education? 2. Are they valid? . Are there gaps in the research that require further investigation? 4. What does the literature suggest for the future? The report is divided into four main sections: 1. What Does the Original Research Say About the Effectiveness of Distance Learning? 2. What Are the Key Shortcomings of the Research? 3. What Are the Gaps in the Research that Require Further Investigation and Information? 4. Implications. It is important to note that the review is limited to material published in the 1990s that dealt with two-way interactive video, one-way prerecorded video, two-way audio/oneway video, and computer-mediated learning.No definitions of these technologies are provided, which is particularly problematic for computer-mediated learning because it could refer to on line technologies as well as stand-alone computer-based technologies, multimedia technologies, text-based computer conferencing, and both synchronous and asynchronous technologies. Not surprisingly, the chapter that reviews the original research concludes that the experimental studies tend to show that distance students perform as well as or better than campus-based students and that the descriptive and ase studies show generally positive student and faculty attitudes. The authors say they analyzed 40 of the â€Å"most important and salient† research studies of the 1990s and that they collected â€Å"several hundred articles, essays, and other writings published in major journals on distance learning. † However, only five journals appear to have been consulted. The list includes one journal that ceased publication in 1993 (Research in Distance Education) and does not include one of the most highly regarded journals in the field, Distance Education. In the review chapte r, only 10 studies are cited.Three of these are from the American Journal of Distance Education, one is from the Journal of Distance Education, four are papers from a regional American distance education conferences, one is a paper from the national American conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, and one is a case study prepared for the California State University system. The limited research on which this review appears to be based is critically important to bear in mind when reading the chapter on the key shortcomings of the research.This chapter concludes that much of the research is flawed and therefore of questionable value. Specifically the report suggests: 1. Extraneous variables were often not controlled for; 2. Researchers failed to use random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups; 3. The validity and reliability of measurement instruments are suspect; 4. Reactive effects of subjects were not properly controlled for. Tw o studies not cited in the review chapter are cited here, which brings the total number of studies cited to 12.One of the additional studies is from a paper presented at a regional American distance education conference, the other from a meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. What stands out clearly in this chapter is the objectivist/quantitative frame of reference from which the research is critiqued. There is no allowance for research informed by subjectivist epistemologies that use interpretivist/qualitative methods. In fact, earlier in the report only four research approaches are described: descriptive, case study, correlational, and experimental.I suspect the criticisms of the research in the report are not far off the mark. Several years ago I conducted a similar review and reached similar conclusions (Bullen, 1990). However, the answer does not lie in tightening the methodological screws, but in rethinking the whole research approach. Ethical an d practical considerations make it almost impossible to conduct truly experimental studies in education. Students cannot be randomly assigned to control and treatment groups in these kinds of situations.Controlling extraneous variables means that technologies cannot be used in ways that take advantage of their unique characteristics. For example, imposing this kind of control when comparing video with classroom instruction would mean simply producing a videorecording of the classroom presentation for the distance students instead of exploiting the unique symbol system offered by video. Another implicit assumption underlying this report is that classroom-based instruction is the norm and that any new technology must measure up to this.The report suggests that the research on the effectiveness of distance education places too much emphasis â€Å"on the utopian possibilities of the technology and its potential to do as well as classroombased instruction. But not enough pragmatism has been applied to allow for a discussion of distance learning’s practical implications as a supplement to enhance teaching and learning† (p. 30). In fact there is probably far less research on the effectiveness of traditional classroom-based instruction at the higher education level than there is research that focuses on distance education.The two chapters that deal with the gaps in the literature and the implications are probably the most useful, even if they are based on a rather weak foundation. Among the more useful recommendations for further research are the following: 1. More emphasis should be placed on the evaluation of whole programs rather than single courses; 2. There needs to be more emphasis on individual differences such as gender, age, educational experience, motivation and learning style; 3. Research should focus on the interaction of multiple technologies rather than the impact of single technologies.The report concludes with three broad implications: 1 Access is more than a technical issue: it depends on quality and student skills to use the technologies; 2 Faculty roles will change from content expert to a combination of content expert, learning process design expert, and process implementation manager; and 3 Technology is often not nearly as important a factor as issues such as learning tasks, learner characteristics, student motivation, and the instructor. Reports that thoroughly review and analyze different strands of the literature help usy distance education practitioners immensely. Although this report makes some valuable recommendations for future research, its narrow scope, limited reach, and epistemological bias mean it does little to help us stay on top of the literature. Reference Bullen, M. (1990). Learner responses to television in distance education: The need for a qualitative approach to research. In B. Clough (Ed. ), Proceedings of the ninth annual conference of the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Educ ation (pp. 48-53). Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.Mark Bullen Mark Bullen is Assistant Director in the Distance Education and Technology division of Continuing Studies at the University of British Columbia. He assists in the planning and management of the unit, participates in the strategic planning for the development of distance education and distributed learning programs and courses, and provides leadership in the application of educational technology to the design and development of distance education and distributed learning courses and other educational materials (email: mark. [email  protected] ca).

An Overview of Reggae Music Essay - 1268 Words

Reggae is a genre of music that originated in Jamaica during the late 1960s. It is known for the heavy and strong emphasis on the bass within the background beat. Reggae was perceived as a kind of music used to express feelings about the social, political, and economic hardships in Jamaica during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was performed by musicians from black ghettos who used unhurried beats to make a style of music of their own. Reggae became an important part of the lifestyle of many Caribbean islanders; expressing a sense of pride of their Caribbean culture. Reggae was developed from ska and rocky steady. Ska consisted of elements of Caribbean and mento, calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. It is characterized†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"From the shantytowns of Kingston, Jamaica, to the cobblestones streets of Great Britain, reggae music was a powerful and liberating voice for the poor and oppressed. In the last thirty years, reggae stars Bob Marley, Burning Spear, and Alpha Blondy have sung â€Å"redemption† songs- messages of human rights and universal love in a â€Å"Babylonian† world of civil unrest, political instability, and economic collapse†(Bays, King, and Foster, 2002, p. XI). Bob Marley was the most famous reggae artist to bring popularity upon the music; selling over 20 million records worldwide. His songs such as â€Å"One Love† and â€Å"Redemption Song† were inspired by the effects of oppression upon blacks in Jamaica. Marleys persona for unity and peace among people throughout the world was an inspiration for Jamaicans. Most blacks in Jamaica during the 1960s suffered from economic hardships and racial discrimination. This in turn marked the beginning of a religious movement called Rastafarinism where reggae music was an element that distinguished Rastafarians from the rest of society. According to Chang and Chen, British colonial authorities and the local establishment viewed R astafarians; forthright espousal of black unity and pride, and their unconventional appearance and customs, as threats to the existing social order. (Chang, Chen, 1998. p.26) Reggae music allowed blacks to have pride of their culture and not limited themselves to the demeaning social orders inShow MoreRelatedHow Marleys Music Changed Society1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe paper discusses how Marley’s music changed society by mainstreaming the ideas of black resistance, social justice, racial equality, and anti-colonialism to the baby-boom generation and generations endlessly onward. The paper will outline the historical background of reggae as well as the social cause to which it became attached by the work of Marley. The paper submits that reggae, ultimately, became the chief means of expressing the angst and dislocation felt by many within the African DiasporaRead MoreAnimal Description836 Words   |  4 Pagesdigest worms. Duckeodendraceae Description: A thick stem plant that grows in Brazil. Grobya amherstiae Description: With living on a high elevation, they can usually be found on a Brazilian mountain called the Serra de Mantiqueira Climate Overview The average temperature in Salvador Brazil is 77.5℉. The warmest month is March and the coldest is August. Average temp in March is 79.9℉ and the average temp in August is 74.5℉. Highest recorded temp was 93.7 in March and the lowest temp 61.2 whichRead MoreEssay Outline on Music1308 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by music, as music is scientifically influential to the human brain. Olteteanu, Ion. The formative function of musical interactions within social identity. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 3.1 (2011): 215+. Academic OneFile. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. We turn to music, we need it, because of its ability to move us, to induce feelings and moods, states of mind. â€Å"Bures notes that the human brain is uniquely configured to process music, and that music processing preparesRead More A Struggling Economy: Jamaica and U.S. Relations Essay4504 Words   |  19 Pagesmy informants’ right to confidentiality, I will not include their names in this essay. Yet, before addressing this topic any further, I will now give a brief overview of Jamaica’s history of colonization, independence and political trends to gain a better understanding of where this country came from and where it is going. Brief Overview of Jamaican: History of Colonization/Independence Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea that is located just south of Cuba. Today there are over 2Read MoreDub Poetry in and from Jamaica9895 Words   |  40 PagesTable of Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 History and Development of Dub Poetry 3 2.1 The Development of Jamaican Creole – Short Overview 3 2.2 The Oral Tradition 4 2.3 From the B-side of a Record via â€Å"Toasting† to Dub Poetry 6 3 The Correlation of the Rastafarians, Reggae and Dub 9 3.1 The Rastafarians 9 3.2 The Peculiarity of Dub 10 3.3 Artists and Scenes 12 3.3.1 The Jamaican Scene 12 3.3.2 The British Scene 13 3.3.3 The Canadian Scene 14 4. Structural Characteristics of Dub Poetry 15 4.1 Patois –Read MoreJamaica1187 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans opening its borders and relieving its trade barriers for U.S. products. Some tax incentives include the Tax Relief Act which provides incentives to those who invest in infrastructure development and provides repatriation of funds. Jamaica Overview According to the United Department of State, Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea behind Cuba and Hispaniola. Its geographical area is 10,991 sq. km (4,244 sq. mi.) It estimated population is 2,668,380 and has three majorRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagestruth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to questionRead MoreThesis3585 Words   |  15 PagesRelationship between human appetite and music Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING/INTRODUCTION Introduction There are a lot of services served in a restaurant, like, high quality food and drinks, skilled staffs, nice ambiance and good music. Consumers are not aware that music is part of the service offered. And subconsciously, they didn’t know that music can boost their appetite and affect their mood in eating. Background of the Study Music and noise level can affect people’s enjoymentRead MoreRastafarianism Essay2120 Words   |  9 PagesHowell. Leonard Howell, was arrested in 1933 by the Jamaican government for preaching a revolutionary doctrine (Garcia Rastafarianism: An Overview). Howells arrest helped organize the Rastafarian movement, and may have influenced the group to remain leaderless for a period of time, which in turn helped to strengthen them (Garcia Rastafarianism: An Overview). As the Jamaican economy grew weaker, many Rastas turned to practical action. In the 1940s and 1950s, Rastafarian leaders strengthenedRead More Biography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Essay examples3604 Words   |  15 Pagesculture. From early on Garvey and the UNIA encourage cultural activities. During the 1930s the UNIA supported many artistic ways of expression. There were concerts, plays, music, speech drama and dance competitions held at the UNIA headquarters. Today many aspects of Garvey’s influence a re seen in black culture in the arts, crafts music and religion. Garvey’s theories consisted of a mixture of philosophies of prior men and philosophies of his own. He used an idea called New Thought that came out of

Inclusion And Requirements Of The Areas Of Learning And...

Unit 13: Promote Learning And Development In The Early Years. 1: Understand the purpose and requirements of the areas of learning and development in the relevant early year’s framework. 1.2: Describe the documented outcomes for children that form part of the relevant early year’s framework. Documented outcomes for children that form part of the relevant early years framework: Desired outcomes for children and young people as in the required framework for early years provision within the Foundation Phase are the following: †¢ Personal and social development, well being and cultural diversity outcomes. This documented outcome is at the heart of the Foundation Phase. In our setting we provide children with opportunities to develop their†¦show more content†¦at circle time, individual and group discussions. We have range of resources including audio/visual material and makaton signs for children with speech, language and communication problems. †¢ Mathematical development outcomes. During the Foundation Phase, children develop their skills, knowledge and understanding of mathematics through oral, practical and play activities. In our setting children`s mathematical development is supported by different activities. Children are encouraged to develop their understanding of measurement units, investigate the properties of shapes and develop early ideas of reasoning and basic mathematical procedures through practical opportunities. These opportunities include cooking, exploring and counting activities. †¢ Welsh language development outcomes. In our setting where English is the main medium of communication, children`s Welsh language skills are progressively developed through different activities. Children are learning to use and communicate in basic Welsh. They are encouraged to communicate their needs in welsh and are increasingly exposed to Welsh by the teachers. †¢ Knowledge and understanding of the world outcomes. This outcome can be achieved by providing children with opportunities to experience the familiar world through enquiry,

The Qing Dynasty - 1327 Words

The overthrow of the Qing dynasty followed by the establishment of Republican China in 1911 signified the start of a new era. Despite frequent alternation in power among domestic warlords, democratic spirit thrived and culminated in the occurrence of the New Culture Movement in 1915. The movement was liberal and cosmopolitan until the outbreak of the May Fourth student demonstration in 1919 in response to the Paris Peace Conference’s decision to hand over the German concessions in Shandong to Japan. The May Fourth incident marked the turning point of the New Culture Movement. Since then the ideological gap among the intelligentsia had become increasingly widened, though they still united from time to time to attack government’s violations of human rights. This section delineates the development of the conceptualization of human rights and citizenship between 1915 and 1930s. The Content of Rights Civil and political rights continued to be the focus of rights advocacy. Freedoms of thought, speech, and publication were especially prioritized. Known for his vigorous attack on various elements of Confucianism and often regarded as a radical anti-traditionalist, Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), leader of the May Fourth Movement and cofounder of the Communist Party of China, argued that the freedoms of thought and speech were necessary things in life and indispensable for the development of one’s personality (Chen 1915, 1984c). He insisted on the absolute freedom of speech, arguingShow MoreRelatedThe Demise Of The Qing Dynasty2051 Words   |  9 PagesMany people argued that Empress Dowager Cixi accelerated the speed of the demise of the Qing dynasty. Cixi might be a blasting fuse but she was not accounted for the final fall of the dynasty. The actions Cixi took had profoundly changed the foundation of feudal China so as to push China forward into a modern stage. Although many hist orical data suggested that whatever Cixi had done were to consolidate her authority and personal status. But no matter what, the impact on the country was obvious. CixiRead MoreThe Fall of the Qing Dynasty1687 Words   |  7 PagesD’Addese 1 The Qing Dynasty prospered well into the 20th century despite the numerous problems the administration faced. However, during the early days of the 20th century, civil disorders continued to grow in such unmanageable factions that the administration was pushed to do something about it. The high living standards of the previous century had contributed to a sharp increase in China’s population, there was approximately 400 million people living in China around the nineteenth century. ThisRead MoreThe Legacy of the Qing Dynasty2145 Words   |  9 PagesAssess the Legacy of the Qing Dynasty By Vanessa C. Song INTRODUCTION The Qing Dynasty lasted for 268 years and was the last dynasty in China and was declared in 1644 by the Manchurian people of outer China after the conquest of the Ming Dynasty. It fell in 1849 to the Chinese communist party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong. Throughout the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the public confusion in regards to the new â€Å"Alien Rulers† caused havoc and widespread chaos, small anti-Qing efforts were formed in orderRead MoreEssay on The Qing Dynasty1945 Words   |  8 PagesPart A , Number 2 The Qing Dynasty, like all the Chinese Dynasties, began with an expectation of success. The Zhou Dynasty found such success within the â€Å"100 schools of thought†, while the Qin found success within trade and exploration which in the end, unified China (Russ). However, the Qing Dynasty found a different way to make their mark with the development of the Chinese Dictionary, forming Banner systems and population increase. Nevertheless, while all of the Dynasties strived for success, theyRead MoreThe Battle Of The Qing Dynasty1301 Words   |  6 Pagesceased imports of opium that they launched a naval offensive. The Qing dynasty was embarrassingly defeated. The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war. The rebellion sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The rebels sought to bring Christianity to China and engage in social reforms. The rebellion was eventually crushed in 1864 but not after millions of people had been killed. The rebellion caused economic hardship for the Qing Dynasty forcing it to rely on western countries. As if civil war was notRead MoreThe Rise Of The Qing Dynasty852 Words   |  4 Pagesbloodiest civil war of all time.† (Platt, 2012) The ruling government was the Qing dynasty, who had been in power since the mid 1600’s. There were widespread problems throughout the country including natural disasters such as â€Å"droughts, famines, and floods.† (Robert Worden, 1988) There were a substantial number of lower class citizens who were unhappy with their living conditions and with the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty. There was a large gap in economic status between the lower class and the wealthyRead MoreThe Qing Dynasty Ruled China Essay1770 Words   |  8 Pagesto as the Last Great Dynasty, The Qing Dynasty ruled China for over three centuries. The Qing were a proud dynasty and relied little upon foreign trade and influences to grow their economy. This was partly because The Qing were a self-sufficient society . Another reason for the denial of Western influences was due to The Qing’s great pride of their own culture. Any acceptance of Western influences would dilute the values and traditions of The Qing. That being said, The Qing did allow a trivial amountRead MoreThe Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagescollapse of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty’s collapse was due to three main influences, with underlying reasons involved in each. The first being foreign intervention related strongly to militarism, gunboat diplomacy, imperialism and the rise of unequal treaty systems. The second influence was China’s failure to reform and uprisings, such as the boxer rebellion and lastly economic decline. These three factors ultimately resulted in the downfall of the dynasty. The Qing Dynasty relied heavilyRead MoreThe Failure of the Qing Dynasty Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesThe Failure of the Qing Dynasty Although some short term successes were achieved for China when dealing with western demands of diplomatic relations and free trade, in the sense that it retained their pride in their tributary systems, such responses were in flawed in the long term. Focusing on the time period 1793-1839, this essay will investigate what were the western attempts and demands in diplomatic relations and free trade. It will also investigate what was theRead MoreThe Qing Dynasty: Chinas Last Imperial Dynasty Essay1842 Words   |  8 PagesJurchen Aisin Gioro clan, a family of Manchu rulers, is the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Nurhachi founded the Latter Jin regime. Nurhachi son, Huang Taiji moved the capital to Shenyang and renamed the regime into the Qing. At that time, the empire was divided into the eighteenth provinces we now know today. The Qing dynasty was Chinas last imperial dynasty. They ruled from 1644 to 1912, by the Manchus. The Qing dynasty is also known as the Manchu dynasty. The reigns of the first three monarchs, which persevered

The Organization as a Machine free essay sample

The Organizational Functions3 Organizational Structure and Mechanistic Functions3 Strengths and Weaknesses5 Global Implications6 Conclusions7 References8 The Organization as a Machine Introduction The big picture is that many organizations function as machines, whether entirely or contained within business divisions within organizations. Morgan discusses eight areas within which we discuss the functionality of organization: as a machine; as an organism; a brain; its culture; its political system; as a psychic prison; change/in flux; and as an instrument of domination. An Organization as a Machine Two examples of organizations functioning as a machine and classified as a bureaucracies are the federal government and the public education system in Delaware. As Morgan so aptly describes Max Weber’s comparison between â€Å"†¦the mechanization of industry and the proliferation of bureaucratic forms of organization. The emphasis on †¦bureaucracy†¦emphasizes precision, speed, clarity, regularity, reliability, and efficiency achieved through the creation of a fixed division of tasks, hierarchical supervision, and detailed rules and regulations† (Morgan, p17). Speed, in this writer’s opinion, seems to be dependent on the situation, but government and the education industry especially, present excellent examples of bureaucracy at its best. Organizational Structure and Mechanistic Functions Having been involved in the education industry for many years, this arena is discussed relative to its machine-like functionality and bureaucratic behaviors. A typical public school district is the example, as private and/or charter schools, although schools, function a bit differently†¦yet still use some of the bureaucratic procedures. The District Office governs public schools in Delaware. Within this facility, financing, human resources, and policy generation begins. Each district maintains a school board whose members the community within a particular district elects. Both the district office and the school board have sets of policies and procedures that they follow in order to enact business on a daily basis. The employees of a school district include a Superintendent (CEO), on down to the secretarial staff. Each school within the district has a principal, assistant principal, office staff, teachers, and students. The discussion of curriculum change will present one small piece of the puzzle relative to how a school district functions. One must keep in mind that at every move a school district makes, whether to hire a teacher, enroll a student, or a myriad of other activities occur on a daily basis, protocol must be followed. In order to implement something as fairly simple as a change in curriculum for any particular subject, hierarchy, and protocol is the order of the day. What would seem to be a straightforward task becomes bogged down in the bureaucratic procedures and weighs down the possible purchase and implementation of a new curriculum. Although this writer does not take the implementation of new curriculum lightly, the process is laborious at best. A department to their department chair must present data; this information moves forward to a curriculum supervisor (if one exists within the district) or the district office for review. If approved, the finances and implementation are then discussed. Although not necessarily speedy and/or efficient, most districts must follow this procedure. Once the approval for the curriculum is provided, the financing is then arranged. The finance discussion for any new curriculum does not occur until the approval for the curriculum is reached. This, in and of itself, is something that can shut down the purchase, yet in most cases, the available funding is not discussed until the need arises. A bit backwards in this writer’s opinion, but this the procedure as they exist. Within the financing discussion, there are various ‘pots’ of money, none of which can be interchanged†¦unlike a general corporation that can, in many cases, move money from one category to another. If there is no money available to spend on curriculum, although approved, there will be no purchase of any new curriculum. Discussions will include, but are not limited to implementation plans, trainings, and number of teachers/students involved. A bill becoming a law within the Federal government follows a pathway within which there are twelve (12) specific steps that an initial draft bill must travel through in order to become a law†¦and within each step, depending on the outcome of that step, can stop the forward movement at any time†¦this, just an infinitesimal component of government policies and procedures. Strengths and Weaknesses One of Fayol’s beliefs was that a change in rules is acceptable to accommodate a set of circumstances/changes within an organization wherein the original rule was no longer effective or possibly counterproductive. Every rule or managerial procedure, which strengthens the body corporate or facilitates its functioning has a place among the principles so long, at least, as experience confirms its worthiness. A change in the state of affairs can be responsible for change of rules which had been endangered by that state (Fayol, 1949). Although changing the procedure for purchase and implementation of a new curriculum would not only streamline the process, but also eliminate time wasted, no change appears to be part of any discussion†¦at least not in Delaware. It would seem a simple change to determine if funding is available prior to going through the data collection and movement up the chain of command. The process can take months and countless hours of time spent only to discover that, although the research warrants a change, the funding is not available. This represents only one small cog in the wheel of bureaucratic protocol that exists within the public school system in Delaware. Protocols are strengths in any organization. Policies and procedures provide for a structure, that if it is idiosyncratic to the organization, provides a comfort level within which day-to-day functions operate, such as knowing the protocol to file a complaint in a court system. The weakness, of course, is when one or more of these policies, procedures, This metaphor works very well under specific circumstances, but clearly not in others. Strengths, as Morgan presents work well when a straightforward task is presented; a stable environment that produces appropriate products; repeated production of the same thing; where precision is required; and when the human capital involved is compliant and act as they are told to (Morgan, p. 27). If one accepts this notion, than one would assume that nothing outside of these situations would function well within the context of the machine metaphor. Global Implications The world as it exists today, functions as a global economy. In general terms, we need to understand that this type of economy includes the integration of production and consumption in all markets across the world. Not all cultures function the same way – from their language to daily protocols and procedures. To this end, a transaction using a strict machine metaphor could end in disaster. Conclusion In order for organizations to function in a way that continues to be beneficial, one strict pathway is limiting. Organizations must be able to consistently review and analyze policies and procedures in a way that accounts for the type of organization, the organization’s market (national/global), and the human capital within the organization. It is not enough to fill a slot with an individual, but rather an organization must look from within and decide what positions it needs to be successful. Change must be accepted, but only implemented when necessary†¦not just for the sake of change.  An organization must be fluid and always looking to its competition and market†¦for an organization to remain within a strict machine based philosophy may very well, be its demise.

Management of Organization

Question: Discuss about theManagement of Organization. Answer: Introduction: Sports direct started as a single store located in Maidenhead, which was founded by mike Ashley in the year 1982. Eventually, the company has not only became the largest sports retailer as far as the revenue and profit is concerned but also owns a huge number of lifestyle, sports and fashion brands that are famous worldwide. They have around 420 stores in the United Kingdom. out of the 420 stores, majority of them under the trademark of Sportsdirect.com. The premium lifestyles division currently operates in 130 stores in the United Kingdom and the stores operate under the trademarks of USC, Flannels, Van Mildert and Cruise (Sportsdirect.com 2016). The international presence of Sports Direct is also commendable. Sports Direct has retails store that is entirely owned by them, joint ventures with various retailers and have their products in stores that are owned by other retailers. In the 19 European countries, there are 270 stores of Sports Direct. However, the strategy of Sports Direct is not to stop and keep on growing and developing. The current strategy of Sports Direct is to expand in the EEA countries in the coming three to five years (Markets.ft.com 2016). The marketing strategy of sport direct is not limited to the brick and mortar stores. Their online presence is also strong and they deliver the products to the doorstep of the individuals. The mission and vision of Sports Direct is to become the leading lifestyle and sports retailer in the market of the United Kingdom as well as internationally. Sports Direct aims at sustainable growth of the shareholders by delivering the customers with high quality products and products of the leading brands (sportsdirectplc.com 2016). They aim to grow by increasing their efficiency, effectiveness and the capacity of the operations to satisfy the customers. The mission statement of Sports Direct is to provide customers with high quality sports clothes and equipments at an affordable price and give unmatched customer service (the Guardian 2016). Some of the values of sports direct are: To work as a single team Plan for future success Strive to lead in the business as well as help in energizing other people Do things in ethical manner Create a good impression on the customers as well as in the market Satisfying the customers Deliver proper results The values of the company and then development of the employees has helped in high performance of the company and high reward for the company that has helped in achieving success for the organization. References Markets.ft.com. 2016.Sports Direct International PLC, SPD:LSE summary - FT.com. [online] Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=SPD:LSE [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016]. Sportsdirect.com, 2016.About Us | SportsDirect.com. [online] Sportsdirect.com. Available at: https://www.sportsdirect.com/customerservices/otherinformation/aboutus [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016]. sportsdirectplc.com, 2016.Annual Report Accounts 2016. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sportsdirectplc.com/~/media/Files/S/Sports-Direct/annual-report/2016-annual-report-accounts.pdf [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016]. the Guardian, 2016.Sports Direct International | Business | The Guardian. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/sports-direct-international [Accessed 4 Sep. 2016].